Face Shield-Floating Island Nebulizer
face shield
apparatus used to provide emergency exhaled gas ventilation; not
as effective as masks, with or without nonrebreathing valves.
facilitation technique in which words, postures, or
actions encourage more detail if delivered with sincerity and
genuineness.
facing ECG
leads leads that view specific surfaces of the heart
(e.g., leads V1-V4 are facing leads viewing the anterior surface
of the heart).
fail-safe
valve a safety measure designed to provide a way for
the patient to breathe if the gas delivery devices fail.
fail-safe
baseline metering orifice a variable metering device whose
orifice opens during failure of power or pressure.
false
imprisonment the unlawful arrest or detention of a
person without warrant, by an illegal warrant, or by an
illegally executed warrant
fascia
fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
fascicle
a band or bundle of muscle or nerve fibers. The left anterior
fascicle and the left posterior fascicle form the two major
divisions of the left bundle branch before it divides into the
Purkinje fibers, forming the Purkinje network. See Left bundle
branch (LBB).
fascicular
block absent conduction of electrical impulses
through one of the fascicles of the left bundle branch (i.e.,
left anterior fascicular block, left posterior fascicular
block).
fascicular
premature ventricular contraction (PVC) a PVC with an
almost normal QRS complex originating in the ventricles near the
bifurcation of the bundle of His.
fasciculation involuntary contraction or twitching of
muscles
fasciculoventricular fibers (Mahaim fibers) an
accessory conduction pathway located between the bundle of His
and the ventricles, resulting in fasciculoventricular
preexcitation.
fasciculoventricular preexcitation abnormal
conduction of the electrical impulses through the
fasciculoventricular fibers, resulting in abnormally wide QRS
complexes of greater than 0.10 second in duration and of
abnormal shape, with a delta wave. PR intervals are normal.
fascioscapulohumeral (FSH) muscular dystrophy
autosomal dominant, slow-progressing dystrophy that affects
primarily the face and the proximal portion of the upper
extremities caused by a defective gene.
fast sodium
channels structures in the cell membrane called
"pores" that facilitate the rapid flow of sodium ions into the
cell during depolarization, rapidly changing the electrical
potential within the cell from negative to positive. Fast sodium
channels are typically found in the myocardial cells and the
cells of the electrical conduction system other than those of
the SA and AV nodes.
FDA
abbreviation for Food and Drug Administration; sets standards
for drug safety and purity
febrile
to have a fever
feedback
channel in pneumatic or fluid devices a mechanism
that provides a signal or flow to a control device.
fenestrated
tracheostomy tube a tracheostomy tube with a hole' or
"window" (fenestrae) in the outer cannula above the cuff. This
allows the patient to speak and also aids weaning from the tube.
fertilization the union of sperm and ovum.
fetal
hemoglobin hemoglobin F; has higher affinity to O2
than adult hemoglobin (hemoglobin A), which can be attributed to
the replacement of β chains in hemoglobin A by
ү-chains.
fetid
foul smelling
fetus
the developing human in utero from the third month to birth.
FEV1/FVC
ratio that is a sensitive and reliable indicator of airway
obstruction and a valuable tool for identifying the cause of a
low FEV1. FEV1 is the volume of air exhaled in the first second
of the FVC (forced expiratory vital capacity) maneuver and is
the most reproducible measurement of airway obstruction.
fever
abnormal elevation of body temperature due to disease
FFB
abbreviation for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope fiberoptic
pertaining to the technical process by which an internal organ
or cavity can be viewed, using glass or plastic fibers to
transmit light through a specially designed tube
fiberoptic
plethysmography modification of inductance
plethysmography, using optical fibers woven into elastic belts
with light passing through the fibers into a photodetector; when
rib cage or abdominal displacements stretch the elastic belt,
large changes in light transmission through the fibers result,
and the change in light transmission is electronically processed
to provide data.
fibrillation chaotic, disorganized beating of the
myocardium in which each myofibril contracts and relaxes
independently, producing rapid, tremulous, and ineffectual
contractions. Fibrillation may occur in both the atria and
ventricles.
fibrillation (t) waves on the ECG, these waves appear
as numerous irregularly shaped, rounded (or pointed), and
dissimilar waves originating in multiple ectopic foci in the
atria or ventricles.
fibrin
an elastic threadlike filament that binds the platelets firmly
together to form the thrombus after being converted from
fibrinogen.
fibrinogen
a plasma protein that converts to fibrin, an elastic threadlike
filament, when exposed to thrombin.
fibrinolysis the process of dissolving the fibrin
strands binding the platelets together within a thrombus,
initiating the breakup of the thrombus (thrombolysis).
fibrinoplasia the formation of fibrous tissue
fibroelastic composed of fibrous and elastic tissue.
fibrosis
formation of scar tissue.
Fick
equation equation that relates VO2 to cardiac output
and arterial and mixed venous oxygen content, where VO2 is the
product of the cardiac output and the arteriovenous oxygen
content difference.
Fick's law
description of the transfer by diffusion, demonstrating that the
diffusion rate across a barrier is directly proportional to the
cross-sectional area available for diffusion and the difference
in concentration gradient per unit distance perpendicular to
that cross section.
fine atrial
fibrillation atrial fibrillation with fine
fibrillatory waves-less than 1 mm in height.
fine
ventricular fibrillation ventricular fibrillation
with small fibrillatory waves-less than 3 mm in height.
Fio2
(fraction of inspired oxygen) the ratio (amount) of
oxygen to the total volume of a gas mixture, expressed as a
decimal.
firing rate
the rate at which electrical impulses are generated in a
pacemaker, whether it is the SA node or an ectopic or escape
pacemaker.
first-degree AV block an arrhythmia in which there is
a constant delay in the conduction of electrical impulses
through the AV node. lt is characterized by abnormally prolonged
PR intervals (greater than 0.20 second).
fissure
cleft or groove on the surface of an organ, often marking the
division of the organ into parts, such as the lobes of the lung.
fistula
abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal
organs or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the
body.
fixed acid
a titratable, nonvolatile acid representing the byproduct of
protein catabolism; examples include phosphoric or sulfuric acid
fixed
coupling equal intervals of time between each
premature beat and the preceding QRS complex of the underlying
rhythm (i.e., equal [constant] coupling intervals).
fixed
orifice a hole of a set and unchanging size.
fixed
performance device oxygen therapy equipment that
supplies inspired gases at a consistent preset oxygen
concentration. Also called high flow system
fixed-rate
pacemakers artificial pacemakers designed to fire
constantly at a preset rate without regard to the patient's own
heart's electrical activity.
fixed
restrictor a device that is designed to produce a set
back pressure (resistance) that inhibits forward flow.
flaccid
weak or flabby; especially as applied to muscles lacking normal
tone
flail chest
potentially life-threatening injury, usually resulting from
multiple rib fractures on one side or from two or more rib
fractures in two or more places, from sternal fracture, or from
costochondral separation; the term flail refers to the paradoxic
motion of the chest resulting from loss of chest wall stability:
a seesaw motion is a characteristic physical finding whereby the
chest wall moves outward on expiration and inward on
inspiration.
flange
a rim used to strengthen an object, to help guide it, to
facilitate its attachment to another object
flapper
a type of valve system that employs a light-weight diaphragm to
occlude an orifice.
flex
to bend upon itself, as a muscle.
flexible
fiberoptic bronchoscopy bronchoscopic procedure using
a flexible instrument that transmits an image along flexible
bundles of coated parallel glass or plastic fibers that make use
of internal reflections to create more light to allow
visualization of more distal airways.
flip-flop
unit a fluidic device that switches flow from one
side of a control surface to the other, that is, the signal "flipflops."
floating-island nebulizer a type of aerosol
production device in which the jet assembly floats underneath a
pontoon assembly in a reservoir of water. Also called a Win-Liz
nebulizer after the wives of the inventors.
Flow Acceleration Cartridge-f Waves
flow
acceleration cartridge in the Bird Mark series a
pneumatic device designed to increase inspiratory flow.
flow-and-volume augmented breaths in the Bear series
a mode of ventilation (AMV) in which low, monitored flows or
volumes are boosted or increased by the ventilator to maintain
desired values.
flow-by
option a mode available on the Bennett 7200 that
"pre-charges" the inspiratory flow to reduce inspiratory lag/
response time.
flow
control a device that controls and adjusts
inspiratory flow on a ventilator, thus affecting respiratory
rate and/or volume.
flow-dependent valve a valve that responds to low
flow by halting inspiration. The operating principle of the
"Bennett Valve" in the AP, PR, and TV series Bennett
respirators. flow rate control See "flow control."
flow
generator a ventilator that delivers a flow pattern
that is independent of the patient's respiratory mechanics -or
effort
flow
resistance the difference in pressure between the two
points along the tube, divided by the actual flow
flow
restrictor specific size orifice that allows a
specific flow of gas to pass through a flow control device,
provided the inlet pressure is a constant 50 psig.
flow sensor
a mechanism that detects and may quantify the movement of gas
volume over time.
flow
transducer an electronic device that changes one type
of signal to another type proportionate to the flow that passes
through it.
flow
trigger alternative to pressure triggering, in which
the ventilator responds to a change in flow rather than a
pressure drop at the airway.
flow-inflating bag manual resuscitator that requires
a continuous flow from an external gas source; pressure is
determined by the flow and the pressure release valve with wide
ranges of peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and PEEP attainable.
flowmeter
a device that controls and measures a flow of gas or liquid;
usually stated in volume per unit of time.
flow-volume
loop system of testing pulmonary function in which a
patient breathes into an electronic spirometer and performs
forced inspiratory and expiratory vital capacity maneuvers while
volume and flow are displayed.
flow
waveforms usually graphic tracings of volume time
curves.
fluid bolus
a rapidly administered predetermined volume of IV fluid, such as
0.9% saline or Ringer's lactate solution, to reverse hypotension
and shock.
fluid
entrainment the use of the Bernoulli effect to draw a
second fluid into a stream of flow
fluidic-breathing assistor a device that uses the
principles of fluidics to augment the patient's respiratory
efforts.
fluidic
drive a use of fluidic principles to provide the
primary power gas source for a gas delivery device.
fluorescein
angiography a procedure in which light-sensitive
material is injected into a blood vessel
flutter
rapid, regular, repetitive beating of the atria or ventricles.
flutter-fibrillation refers to the simultaneous
occurrence of flutter and fibrillation as in atrial
flutter-fibrillation.
flutter (F)
waves on the ECG, these waves appear as numerous
repetitive, similar, usually pointed waves originating in an
ectopic pacemaker in the atria or ventricles.
fomite
nonliving material, such as bed linens or equipment, which may
transmit pathogenic organisms
Food and
Drug Administration Agency of the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) that enforces regulations and
standards concerning the purity of medical gases, their
manufacture, packaging, and labeling.
foramen
(foramina) an opening or hole in a bone, allowing the
passage of nerves or blood vessels
foramen
ovale opening in the septum between the right and
left atria of the fetal heart; provides a bypass for blood, that
would otherwise flow to the fetal lungs.
forced
expiratory technique breathing maneuver that consists
of one or two forced expirations or huffs, combined with a
period of controlled breathing.
forced
expiratory flow at 25% (FEF25% orVmax25) the maximum
expiratory flow after 25% of the forced vital capacity has been
exhaled
forced
expiratory flow at 50% (FEF50% or Vmax50) the maximum
expiratory flow after 50% of the forced vital capacity has been
exhaled
forced
expiratory flow at 75% (FEF75% or Vmax25) the maximum
expiratory flow after 75% of the forced vital capacity has been
exhaled
forced
expiratory flow between 200 mL and 1200 mL (FEF200-1200)
a measure of the average expiratory flow during the early phase
of exhalation. Specifically, it is a measure of the flow rate
for the 1000 mL of expired gas immediately following the first
200 mL of expired gas. Formerly called the maximum expiratory
flow rate (MEFR)
forced
expiratory flow between 75% and 85% of the forced vital capacity
(FEF75%-85%) a measure of the average expiratory flow
during the end of the forced vital capacity
forced
expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity
(FEF25%-75%) a measure of the average expiratory flow
during the middle half of the forced vital capacity
forced
expiratory volume, half second (FEV0.5) the maximum
volume of gas that the patient can exhale during the first half
of a forced vital capacity maneuver
forced
expiratory volume, 1 second (FEV1) the maximum volume
of gas that the patient can exhale during the first second of
the forced vital capacity maneuver
forced
expiratory volume, 3 seconds (FEV3) the maximum
volume of gas that the patient can exhale during the first 3
seconds of the forced vital capacity maneuver
forced
expiratory volume in 1 second ratio (%FEV1/FVC) the
percent of the measured forced vital capacity that can be
exhaled in 1 second
forced
inspiratory flow at 50% (FIF50%) the maximum
inspiratory flow after 50% of the forced vital capacity has been
inspired
forced
vital capacity (FVC) test of pulmonary function that
measures the maximal volume gas which can be expelled forcibly
after full inspiration.
foreign
body obstruction presence of any object lodged in any
part of the airway, interfering with the individual's ability to
breathe and causing sudden choking.
forward
heart failure heart failure causing poor organ
perfusion.
Fowler's
position a semi sitting position, usually 45°, used
to facilitate breathing and drainage
fractional
distillation of liquefied air process, first
described in 1907 by Karl von Linde, by which the two major
components of air (oxygen and nitrogen) are produced in bulk
commercial quantities; the process relies on the Joule-Kelvin
principle, which states that when gases under pressure are
released into a vacuum, the gas molecules tend to lose their
kinetic energy; in the vacuum, the reduction in kinetic energy
causes a decrease in temperature and a reduction in the cohesive
forces between the molecules, leading to liquefaction.
fractional
oxygen saturation expression of oxyhemoglobin as a
percentage of the total amount of hemoglobin.
Frank-Starling curve a graphic illustration that
shows the relationship between the degree of myocardial stretch
and cardiac output.
FRC
abbreviation for functional residual capacity
freezing
point temperature at which a liquid will enter the
solid state and freeze; 0° C or 32° F at 1 atmosphere of
pressure for water.
fremitus
a tremulous vibration of the chest wall that can be auscultated
or palpated during physical examination
French
scale a measurement scale used commonly to size the
diameter of catheters; 1 French unit equals approximately 0.33
mm
frequent
PVC's five or more PVC's per minute.
frontal
plane a flat surface passing through the body at
right angles to a plane passing through the body from front to
back in the midline (sagittal plane), as viewed from the front
of the body.
froth
a mixture of liquid and gas that forms a dense layer of bubbles.
This increases the gas/liquid surface area. functional residual
capacity (FRC) The amount of gas left in the lung after a normal
exhalation.
fulguration
tissue destruction with high-frequency electrical sparks
full
ventilatory support ventilatory support modes in
which the ventilator provides all the minute ventilation
requirements of the patient
fulminant
refers to severe pain with sudden onset
functional
oxygen saturation expression of the amount of
hemoglobin bound to oxygen expressed as a percentage of the
amount of hemoglobin available for O2 binding. Functional
saturation provides an accurate measure of oxygen saturation if
dysfunctional hemoglobins, notably COHb, are present only in
negligible concentrations.
functional
residual capacity (FRC) the volume of air remaining
in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
functionally according to its proper use or action;
working as it should.
fungal
respiratory infections respiratory infection caused
by fungi and including the following: histoplasmosis,
blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis,
Candida respiratory infection.
fungicide
an agent destructive to fungi
furosemide
a rapid-acting diuretic used to treat congestive heart failure
by promoting the excretion of urine to reduce pulmonary
congestion and edema. Trade name: Lasix.
fusion
beat, ventricular a ventricular complex unlike the
QRS complexes of the underlying rhythm and those of the
ventricular arrhythmia in a given ECG lead, having features of
both. This results from the stimulation of the ventricles by two
electrical impulses, one originating in the SA node or an
ectopic focus in the atria or AV junction and the other in an
ectopic focus in the ventricles. A fusion beat can occur in
accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) , pacemaker rhythm,
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), and ventricular
tachycardia.
FVC
abbreviation for forced vital capacity; the maximum volume of
gas that the subject can exhale as forcefully and as quickly as
possible
f waves
see Atrial fibrillation (f) waves. F waves See Atrial flutter
(F) waves.
